They have been proved effective in the treatment of infectious diseases simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects which are often associated with synthetic antibiotics. Antimicrobials of plant origin have enormous therapeutic potential and have been used since time immemorial. The specific mode of transmission, however, has not been identified. They may also be transmitted through contaminated catheters (particularly urinary catheters) or by accidental parenteral inoculation.
are part of the human intestinal flora and can cause infection upon leaving this location. In recent years this interest to evaluate plants possessing antibacterial activity for various diseases is growing. A major part of the total population in developing countries still uses traditional folk medicine obtained from plant resources with an estimation of WHO that as many as 80% of world population living in rural areas rely on herbal traditional medicines as their primary health care, the study on properties and uses of medicinal plants are getting growing interests. Plants are rich source of antibacterial agents because they produce wide array of bioactive molecules, most of which probably evolved as chemical defense against predation or infection. mirabilis urinary tract infections (UTI) result from ascension of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract while others are due to person-to-person transmission, mirabilis is often isolated from the gastrointestinal tract, although whether it is a commensal, a pathogen, or a transient organism, is somewhat controversial (4).
mirabilis infections can cause the formation of urinary stones (urolithiasis). These infections can also cause bacteremia and progress to potentially life-threatening urosepsis. mirabilis is capable of causing symptomatic infections of the urinary tract including cystitis and pyelonephritis and is present in cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria, particularly in the elderly and patients with type 2 diabetes (2, 3). It is a member of the same bacterial family (Enterobacteriaceae) as E. This species can be identified as a Gram-negative rod that is motile, urease-positive, lactose-negative, indole-negative, and produces hydrogen sulfide (1). Urease production and robust swarming motility are the two hallmarks of this organism. Proteus mirabilis is well-known in clinical laboratories and microbiology survey courses as the species that swarms across agar surfaces, overtaking any other species present in the process. While significant advances in this field have been made, challenges remain to combatting complicated UTI and deciphering P. mirabilis uses a diverse set of virulence factors to access and colonize the host urinary tract, including urease and stone formation, fimbriae and other adhesins, iron and zinc acquisition, proteases and toxins, biofilm formation, and regulation of pathogenesis. The regulation of this complex process and its contribution to virulence is discussed, along with the type VI-secretion system-dependent intra-strain competition which occurs during swarming. Flagella-mediated motility, both swimming and swarming, is a central facet of this organism. mirabilis with a focus on urinary tract infections (UTI), including disease models, vaccine development efforts, and clinical perspectives. Clinically, this organism is most frequently a pathogen of the urinary tract, particularly in patients undergoing long-term catheterization. Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium which is well-known for its ability to robustly swarm across surfaces in a striking bulls'-eye pattern.
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